المدة الزمنية 10:32

Syntax - Morphosyntax: Crash Course Linguistics 3

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تم نشره في 2020/09/25

Grammar sometimes gets a bad reputation, but we're actually doing grammar all the time! And we're pretty good at it! In this episode of Crash Course Linguistics, we'll begin our discussion of syntax by learning how we can take words and morphemes and turn them into sentences, questions, stories, and even videos like this! Want even more linguistics? Check out the Lingthusiasm podcast, hosted by the writers of Crash Course Linguistics: https://lingthusiasm.com/ Acknowledgements: Ian Woolford, Jill Vaughan, Gabrielle Hodge *** Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App! Download here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo Download here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever: Catherine Conroy, Patty Laqua, Leonora Rossé Muñoz, Stephen Saar, John Lee, Phil Simmons, Alexander Thomson, Mark & Susan Billian, Junrong Eric Zhu, Alan Bridgeman, Jennifer Smith, Matt Curls, Tim Kwist, Ron Lin, Jonathan Zbikowski. Jennifer Killen, Sarah & Nathan Catchings, Brandon Westmoreland, team dorsey, Trevin Beattie, Eric Prestemon, Sam Ferguson, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Indika Siriwardena, Khaled El Shalakany, Shawn Arnold, Tom Trval, Siobhán, Ken Penttinen, Nathan Taylor, William McGraw, Justin Zingsheim, Andrei Krishkevich, Jirat, Brian Thomas Gossett, SR Foxley, Ian Dundore, Jason A Saslow, Jessica Wode, Mark, Caleb Weeks, Sam Buck -- Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse CC Kids: /crashcoursekids

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تعليقات - 203

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@somedragontoslay2579منذ 4 سنوات As a linguist, I'm amazed at the clarity you manage to use for these concepts. Kudos to your writers! 633
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@CapriUniمنذ 4 سنوات Reading these comments is as informative as the video itself. Isn'it wonderful that we're all experts in our own languages? 285
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@Nihilnovusمنذ 4 سنوات As soon as she started talking about Latin I started thinking “now is the time to use my years of training” 203
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@MakeMeThinkAgainمنذ 4 سنوات This would have been the episode to talk about Yoda's syntax. 240
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@kateisblueمنذ 4 سنوات THANK YOU for saying Irish and not gaelic. For anyone that doesn't know, there's several gaelic languages - so it's like saying 'romance id="hidden2" class="buttons"> language.'
Also if anyone's interested, "Taylor sees the rabbit" in Irish is "feiceann Taylor an coinín". ....وسعت 78
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@mariksenمنذ 4 سنوات In Russian, my mother tongue, you can also make INCREDIBLE poems by changing word order (thanks to the grammatical cases)! You can do so in Ukrainian too! 132
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@LotsOfSمنذ 4 سنوات Whew, this is quite the information dump. As John Locke would say: "I'm going to need to watch this again" 65
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@FrankLeeMadeereمنذ 4 سنوات To correctly use split infinitives after having countless teachers say it is wrong makes me very happy. 60
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@vigilantsycamore8750منذ 4 سنوات Interestingly, Polish (my first language) uses morphemes but word order still has kind of an important role. (Long comment ahead)
Take "Taylor sees the rabbit": adding -a to królik, meaning rabbit, shows that it's the object, so "Taylor widzi królika", which has SVO order, is the normal way to say it - but other ways also work.
"Taylor królika widzi" and "królika widzi Taylor" are also grammatical ways to say it, but they do sound unusual, and that kind of helps show which part of the sentence is most important. "Królika widzi Taylor" places importance on the fact that the thing being seen is a rabbit, rather than who's doing the seeing, and "Taylor królika widzi" puts importance on both
And arranging the words so that the verb comes first (sometimes, not always) makes it a question: "widzi Taylor królika?" means "does Taylor see the rabbit?".
We could also ask "czy Taylor widzi królika?" - in this case "czy" means "does?" but more generally it's a word that indicates that we're asking a question. "Królik jest fioletowy" means "the rabbit is purple" and "czy królik jest fioletowy?" means "is the rabbit purple?" In that case you'd say "fioletowy jest królik".
You wouldn't say "jest królik fioletowy?" because then you'd be saying "there's a purple rabbit?" - add "czy" to the beginning and you get "is there a purple rabbit?" I just realized how complicated Polish grammar must be if you're learning the language ....وسعت 66
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@slajak94منذ 4 سنوات well, it is precisely for the reason your explained right after the example that you cannot really say that "the employee hired the employer" id="hidden5" class="buttons"> is ungrammatical – it might be weird semantically, but it is perfectly grammatical ....وسعت 27
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@arthurdemelosaمنذ 4 سنوات This is awesome!
As a linguist, I'm really liking this crash course. Even though I work with a different approach (systemic functional linguistics, id="hidden6" class="buttons"> to be precise), I wouldn't change a thing.
Nice job! ....وسعت 31
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@harry.tallbelt6707منذ 4 سنوات Czech isn't that big on SOV, I don't think so. Slavic languages do have free word order (*adds question intonation while rising a brow at Bulgarian*), but it is mostly SVO if you don't need to emphasise anything. If you guys have an errata section, maybe add that. ....وسعت 82
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@tomasheller6072منذ 4 سنوات Czech is not SOV. Well, it can use this word order to emphasize the verb. Czech word order in general is very flexible, mostly depending on which part id="hidden8" class="buttons"> of the sentence you want to emphasize. Most used word order (when you're not putting emphasis on any particular part of the sentence) is SVO.
Czech works basically the same as Latin does in this regard. ....وسعت 19
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@anactualbear5683منذ 2 سنوات Morpheme is the word I didn't know I needed but have been continually reaching for. 1
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@anaisreveco9998منذ 4 سنوات I almost flunked this subjet at university , I was luckily saved by my friends but i didn't get a single thing the whole semester xD you are explaining everyhting so well <3 thank you so much 12
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@girv98منذ 4 سنوات Can't wait for the phonetics & phonology videos! 9
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@mattkuhn6634منذ 4 سنوات Whoo, diving right into constituency testing! It's like I'm back in undergrad all over again.
Also, I may be wrong, but I think classical id="hidden10" class="buttons"> Nahuatl has verb-initial word order. There's some disagreement over whether it is VSO or VOS, and I've even seen arguments suggesting it has totally free word order, but definitely not SVO. It's tricky to tell for sure though since Nahuatl is agglutinative and polysynthetic.
I'd also agree with other comments that say "It's see the rabbit that Taylor does" is ungrammatical. You'd have to use a gerund to make that grammatical: "It's seeing the rabbit that Taylor does". But do-constructions in English are super weird anyway. ....وسعت 49
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@stiofanobriain7934منذ 4 سنوات I tried the cleft test with the same sentences in Irish and there is definitely a few constructions that break down and become really ungrammatical but id="hidden11" class="buttons"> Irish does have ways of shifting word order to apply focus to particular parts of a sentence. We do this with a construction such as "Is (é) _ a __ ____", which is equivalent to the "it's ___ that _ ___".
So to shift focus in the sentences "Feiceann Taylor an coinín" (Taylor sees the rabbit), we can do the following:
Is é Taylor a fheiceann an coinín (It's Taylor that sees the rabbit)*
Is ag feiceáil an choinín atá Taylor (It's seeing the rabbit is Taylor)
Is á fheiceáil ag Taylor atá an coinín (It's being seen by Taylor is the rabbit)
Is é an coinín atá Taylor a fheiceáil (It's the rabbit is Taylor seeing)
Is é an coinín atá á fheiceáil ag Taylor (It's the rabbit is being seen by Taylor)
*This phrase is actually ambiguous and can mean "It's Taylor that sees the rabbit" or "It's Taylor that the rabbit sees". We can clarify this with additional pronouns in the clause: Is é Taylor a bhfeiceann sé an coinín (It's Taylor that sees the rabbit) and Is é Taylor a bhfeiceann an coinín é (It's Taylor that sees the rabbit him). Although that first sample feels ungrammatical to me.
There's particular ways to shift focus in Irish. We sometimes have to make use of forms of Bí (to be) as an auxiliary verb (saw this with atá) and we sometimes have to use the progressive phrase, the equivalent to 'ing', rather than the present tense construction (saw this with ag feiceáil / a fheiceáil / á fheiceáil) in the main sentence but we don't have to stick to a simply VSO word order. But VSO is obviously the best so no need to mess with it too much. Hah!
Very fun exercise, I'm really enjoying this series. Go raibh míle maith agat (Thank you). ....وسعت 6
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@pahutanbمنذ 4 سنوات I am doing a research proposal about syntax for my major, Thank you so much! This helped me understand syntax more clearly 3
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@sn0250منذ 4 سنوات Some of the examples of basic word order are wrong:
- Malagasy is not an SVO language, it's actually a famous example of a VOS language. id="hidden12" class="buttons">
- Depending on which variety of Nahuatl the "Nahuatl" in this video refers to, this could also be wrong. Huasteca Nahuatl (the most spoken modern Nahuatl language) is generally VSO and although Classical Nahuatl (which, in my experience, is usually what people mean when they say "Nahuatl" without a qualifier) had an extremely flexible word order, it was VSO by default (SVO was generally used to focus the subject). That said, there are modern varieties of Nahuatl that are SVO by default, e.g. Tetelcingo Nahuatl and Michoacán Nahual.
- Czech also has a flexible word order but its default word order is definitely SVO and not SOV. ....وسعت 158
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@columbus8myhwمنذ 4 سنوات I wouldn't say "The employee hired the employer" is ungrammatical, it's just strange. I could see contexts where it makes sense. id="hidden13" class="buttons"> />EDIT: I would put it in the same category as the "colorless green ideas" sentence. There's nothing wrong with "[noun] hired [noun]" grammatically. ....وسعت 218
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@ilyamakarchukمنذ 4 سنوات Thanks Crash Course for making a great series. I already recommended it to my students which aren't linguists! 2
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@ArturoStojanoffمنذ 4 سنوات I like this series very much. Thank you for making it. 3
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@rainbug7منذ 4 سنوات In Hindi, Marathi and other Indian languages, word order is generally SOV, but words can be moved around and still retain the meaning of the original sentence id="hidden14" class="buttons"> due to particles being attached to words that "assign roles" to them. This is often done in poems a lot. And sometimes while speaking , simple sentences can go SVO
Source: I'm a native Hindi and Marathi speaker ....وسعت 8
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@user-pm2iy8kf2cمنذ 4 سنوات I grew up speaking English and my native language but I’ve only noticed that they have different word order when I started getting into linguistics, English is SVO but my native language is VSO and I never noticed that growing up ....وسعت 14
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@haisesasaki3944منذ 4 سنوات Thank you so much for the hard work on this very interesting topic. I wish I can support you more. ❤ 2
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@kuronosanمنذ 4 سنوات That sentence can have meaning: Boring, environmentally friendly ideas go unimplemented while they are argued about. 30
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@harry.tallbelt6707منذ 4 سنوات Hey, it's the third episode and I only now noticed that there's a bubble with one of my native languages in the intro animation. I feel validated now 58
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@thethirdjegsمنذ 4 سنوات I feel we'll need more than 16 episodes. 6
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@DavidDanosمنذ 4 سنوات Aww yiss, time for another CC: Linguistics!!
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@lhfirexمنذ 4 سنوات I still get a little chuckle out of words like constituents having linguistic meaning. It's perfectly fine, but it's just such a rare case for id="hidden17" class="buttons"> me to hear it vs the political meaning that I still imagine all these particles of speech gathering up in a town hall or a rally or a protest. And then "Grammaticality" just sounds like the best kind of way to finish your opponent in a new Mortal Kombat game. ....وسعت 11
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@MariaMartinez-researcherمنذ 4 سنوات Spanish-speaker here. Trying to learn linguistics in English, interesting way to learn English linguistics. 1
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@HombreDeCaliforniaمنذ 4 سنوات Could you explain in one episode the difference between Linguistics and semiology? 4
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@ronakbhadra6400منذ 4 سنوات Hindi also doesn't have fixed word order as there are case markings( like latin).hence word orders can be flexible according to emphasis and context ( though SOV is the dominant word order). 1
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@stecky87منذ 4 سنوات I tried learning Irish, but I couldn't wrap my head around it. Because of how Duolingo teaches it, it didn't click that it was VSO. I thinks that's id="hidden19" class="buttons"> part of why I had difficulty with it. I'm used to English & Spanish, which are usually SVO ....وسعت
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@Head0.25sمنذ 4 سنوات The sentence “Colorless green ideas sleep furiously.” is a grammatically correct sentence, the thing that makes it sound nonsensical is the lack of context, context is key to make sense out of a sentence.
The other thing I wanted to mention, that those endings of the words in Latin, those are called grammatical cases (Latin has six of them), they determine the role of a word in a sentence, so even if you shuffle the word order, it would still mean the same thing, and the sentence would be grammatically correct. English on the other hand doesn’t have a case system (although because it is a Germanic language it used to have a case system, but later it faded out by the time, now it’s only reminiscent mostly in the pronouns (the following word is the same word in different cases: He, His, Him, etc.)), so consequently English relies heavily on word order compared to Latin or Greek which do use the case system. ....وسعت 13
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@taffythelogolept4490منذ 4 سنوات I am still confused about cleft constructions and how they show grammaticality and constituency. Can I see a few more examples please? But also I love you all and am really enjoying all of these videos! 19
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@thethirdjegsمنذ 4 سنوات VSO is the third most common order among six possible orders of sentences. 1
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@GameFlifeمنذ 4 سنوات This seem like an interesting subject to me 1
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@furkancavdar8188منذ 4 سنوات Great as always! A different language is a different vision of life. 21
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@saranvenkateshd2371منذ 4 سنوات Please make a course on comic book making and development. please 2
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@LaurenC1.4منذ 4 سنوات My favorite series outside of the history courses. Keep it up!
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@lukacvitkovic8550منذ 4 سنوات "I've been poisoned by my constituents"
-Charlie Kelly 2
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@KID-jr8ibمنذ 2 سنوات In the part about cleft construction, couldn't a grammatical statement also be "It's the rabbit that Taylor sees"? In that case, the id="hidden22" class="buttons"> verb and the subject are grouped together while the object is by itself. Is there a name for the grouping of a subject and verb? ....وسعت
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@romajimamuloمنذ 4 سنوات . do other people find the second sentence with the cleft test ungrammatical? Or is it just me? 6
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@naathcousins4658منذ 4 سنوات Efforts to make 'colourless green ideas sleep furiously' make sense are legion.
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@johnnyCahuengaمنذ 4 سنوات Another amazing video. I'm a huge fan!
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@LemurWhoSpokeمنذ 4 سنوات Correction: the word order for Malagasy is verb-object-subject. 6
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@worldofknowledge9979منذ 2 سنوات Plz ma'am, make a video on "word order transformation," in linguistics
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@rykloog9578منذ 4 سنوات One of my favourite grammatical features of my dialect is the order in which subject pronouns are said in. The rule is you say the second person pronoun id="hidden23" class="buttons"> first, then third person, then first person. So an example sentence would be “how about you, him, and I go to the movies later?”. “How about me, you, and him” sounds not too weird to me as I’ve gotten used to others saying it, but it is still a little awkward to say. ....وسعت 4
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@deda9829منذ 4 سنوات Well.technically an employee can hire an employer lol 2
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@danniesolis96منذ 4 سنوات I think Malagasy is a verb-initial language (VOS) 1
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@emilycreamer1307منذ 4 سنوات As a writing tutor, it's not easy to explain to an English language learner why some of their sentences just "sound wrong." 10
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@Kairikeyمنذ 4 سنوات so basically next episode is about syntax tree?
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@JV-the-Tosshمنذ 4 سنوات Cleft Constructions: Can't you also make legit sentences with the subject and verb together. Like "It's the rabbit that Taylor sees."
I would argue that too is grammatical, og perhaps a bit clunky. 4
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@tibethatguyمنذ 4 سنوات You forgot the 3rd type of role-marking: verb agreement.
Some languages add morphemes to the verb in a sentence to show what role each part has. id="hidden25" class="buttons">
Let's say we have a language where "nga" is the word for "I, me", "ku" is the word for "to see", and "kapo" is the word for "rabbit". I'll use SVO word order in this example, and no articles.
So, without any role-marking, the sentence "I see the rabbit" would be "Nga ku kapo".
Now, let's say we have a verb agreement system, where "ng" or "nga" means that the role that we're talking about is filled in by the speaker, and "ts" or "tsi" means that the role that we're talking about is filled in by a single thing or person. Let's also say that the order of these morphemes are [morpheme for subject]-[morpheme for object]-[verb].
So, now our sentence would be "Nga ngatsiku kapo".
We could drop the separate word "nga" now, as there is no need for it. So, the sentence could become "Ngatsiku kapo".
With enough context, we could also drop "kapo". So, the sentence could ultimately become "Ngatsiku". ....وسعت
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@user-iu7dw8bf8bمنذ 4 سنوات Thank you for this video.
Would you make video for analysis sentence with diagram. 1
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@arggabeمنذ 4 سنوات I know that even if it should come to pass that it will be many years from now but. I would really love for Crash Course to be able to have series for id="hidden26" class="buttons"> individual languages. Crash Course Japanese. Crash Course Spanish. Crash Course Latin. Crash Course.
BTW: if learning another language, HiNative is a great free app ....وسعت 2
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@confusedowl297منذ 4 سنوات I don't speak Malagasy at all, but according to wikipedia, it is a VOS language 1
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@JJEMcManusمنذ 4 سنوات All of my constituents are rabbits
I blame Taylor for making this too interesting
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@andartedمنذ 4 سنوات Colorless green ideas sleep furiously? Maybe that's because I'm no linguist, but that make 100% sense for me! I mean, bipartisan [colorless] id="hidden27" class="buttons"> climate policies [green ideas] are totally absent [sleep] which is pretty upsetting [furiously]. Or in another context the sentence could also mean that ideas that are advertised as green, but are actually colorless doesn't sleep well. Actually they sleep furiously.
.maybe that's the reason I was so bad at school. cause while other students were listening I was busy thinking about why the teachers are claiming things that for me obvious weren't true at all. ....وسعت 2
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@kazeshi2منذ 4 سنوات In a later episode can you talk about common sayings such as "I couldn't care less" or "Eat your cake and have it too" vs the way id="hidden28" class="buttons"> they are often said such as "I could care less", which should mean you care some amount, or "Have your cake and eat it too"?, which is the way everyone eats cake. While i admit the changes bug me i find it interesting that they have changed and few people notice or care.
I am also interested in written language and its rules, people may notice i dont capitalize "i" while i write most of the time, nor do i use apostrophes in my contractions unless i am trying to be proper. there doesnt seem to be any reason for capitalizing the letter i but apostrophes do at least seem to have some use in plural and possessive information. ....وسعت
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@filosofuldecanapea2098منذ 4 سنوات If there is no pronoun at the beginning of a sentence like in Italian, Portuguese or Romanian, (Sono bene, Sunt bine) is it still SVO? The subject is an unexisting pronoun or? 4
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@RoryT1000منذ 4 سنوات They mentioned Chomsky in the least Chomskyan way possible!
And idolect is a less common way of say I-language. Dunno why there's two words for it 5
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@rykloog9578منذ 4 سنوات I wish English still had noun declension in more than just pronouns. 2
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@josephciaravino4115منذ 4 سنوات As I this video watch, my rabbit I with snuggle. 3
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@doppelkammertoasterمنذ 4 سنوات Is that cleft sentence not simply a main clause with a relative clause, where both need a subject and a verb? All examples of Latin apply to German though, id="hidden31" class="buttons"> I love Latin but I would have used German to show the word order stuff instead as it is closer related to English and the comparisons easier to make, especially for that 'cleft sentence'. There also simpler ways to explain this system. ....وسعت
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@roskaboska42منذ 4 سنوات I know there's lots of tests that would show that "sees the rabbit" is a constituent, but I have to admit that "It's see the rabbit that Taylor does" is pretty ungrammatical for me. 6
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@alarcon99منذ 4 سنوات im watching this channel so i can figure out why english organizes adjetives in the order of quantity, quality, size, age, shape, color etc 1
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@cholten99منذ 4 سنوات Ah - structured grammars, takes me back to studying this in my computing degree : 4
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@hanny9662قبل 4 أشهر how about “it’s the rabbit that taylor sees”?
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@matthew5723منذ 4 سنوات I'm really confused over it's [it is] sees the rabbit Taylor does. Can someone explain this to me. 1
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@sabrinabayonetمنذ 4 سنوات "colorless green ideas sleep furiously" i didnt quite get this one, cn someone help me? that sentence doesnt make sense but uts grammatically correct, is that it?
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@mintcarouselchannelabandon5109منذ 4 سنوات huh. i didnt find that one cleft construction to be grammatical. i would probably accept "It's seeing the rabbit that Taylor does." tho. id="hidden35" class="buttons"> Didnt think i would have much to say on this one! syntax isnt my strong suit lmao ....وسعت
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@MoB266منذ 4 سنوات Why is 'Taylor the rabbit sees' not a valid sentence? 1
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@LuminantLionمنذ 4 سنوات Well, yes, but actually, no. A sentence in Turkish is technically not correct if the word order is wrong, even though you can find borked sentences in poems. 1
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@malaikarose2985منذ 4 سنوات Does "grammaticality" mean "grammatically correct"? And if not, what's the difference?
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@thomas.02منذ 4 سنوات im no linguist but i think Taylor has a pet rabbit named Gav
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@dharmesh2420منذ 4 سنوات Here's 3 AM, and idk why I'm watching this video at 3AM 3
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@wrlrdqueekمنذ 4 سنوات Syntax error
Command not recognized 2
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@Pythonfan3منذ 4 سنوات Hey everyone! Not a native English speaker here, please help: how is "Don't nobody know nothing" grammatical? Is "nobody" not the id="hidden37" class="buttons"> subject? Shouldn'it be "doesn't" then? And what does the sentence mean? ....وسعت 2
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@GDMiller419منذ 4 سنوات "That ain't nothing don't nobody know." is grammatical. 8
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@laurentium12منذ 4 سنوات People keep saying "It's see the rabbit that taylor does" Is ungrammatical, I dont see how it is tho. To better understand the context, in id="hidden38" class="buttons"> progressive form it's " It's seeing the rabbit that taylor is doing" basicaly what Taylor is doing is Seeing the rabbit. In the simple tense form what Taylor "does" is She "sees that rabbit". ....وسعت 3
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@culwinمنذ 4 سنوات "It's see the rabbit that Taylor does" isn't grammatically correct.
It should be "seeing", and "see" (or id="hidden39" class="buttons"> "seeing") isn't acting like a verb, it is acting like a noun - "is" is the only verb. ....وسعت 3
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@trevinbeattie4888منذ 4 سنوات Ungrammatical these all me confusing are examples 3